What is one effect of consuming excess protein?

Consuming excess protein can lead to muscle catabolism, primarily when the body's energy needs are not being met through adequate carbohydrate and fat intake. When protein intake surpasses the body's requirements, especially in the absence of sufficient calories from carbohydrates and fats, the body may start to break down muscle tissue to meet its energy demands. This process occurs because, in energy deficit situations, the body seeks alternative sources of fuel, and muscular tissue (protein) can be converted into glucose through a process called gluconeogenesis. This catabolism can ultimately hinder muscle growth and recovery, counteracting the benefits of protein consumption intended for muscle repair and building.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately reflect the effects of excess protein consumption. Oversupplying protein does not promote hydration levels; rather, it can lead to dehydration due to the increased demand for water to excrete excess nitrogen from protein metabolism. While protein does play a role in metabolism, particularly in the synthesis of certain compounds, it is not primarily involved in fat metabolism directly as compared to carbohydrates and fats themselves. Additionally, while some protein can be converted to glucose, excess protein is not stored as glycogen; glycogen stores are primarily filled by carbohydrates.