How does caffeine affect the cardiovascular system?

Caffeine is a stimulant that has a significant impact on the cardiovascular system. It primarily increases heart rate and blood pressure through several mechanisms. When consumed, caffeine stimulates the central nervous system, leading to the release of catecholamines, such as epinephrine (adrenaline), which can cause the heart to beat faster (increased heart rate) and blood vessels to constrict (increased blood pressure).

Additionally, caffeine affects the levels of certain hormones and can increase cardiac output, resulting in an elevated heart rate. The diuretic effect of caffeine may also play a role in fluid balance, impacting blood pressure.

Understanding these effects is crucial for those studying nutrition and supplementation, as caffeine consumption can influence exercise performance and overall cardiovascular health. This is particularly important for athletes or individuals engaged in exercise programs, where caffeine might enhance performance but could also raise cardiovascular risks if consumed in excess.